The Fleet Type Submarine - Submarine Electrical Installations

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	The Fleet Type Submarine Online Submarine Electrical Installations

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Submarine Electrical Installations, Navpers 16162, is one of a series of submarine training manuals that was completed just after WW II. The series describes the peak of WW II US submarine technology.

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NavPers 16162

Produced for ComSubLant by Standards and Curriculum Division Training, Bureau of Naval Personnel. Submarine Electrical Installations

June 1946

~~RESTRICTED~~

This is one of a series of Submarine Training Manuals. The series includes:

1.	The Fleet Type Submarine	NavPers 16160
2.	Submarine Main Propulsion Diesels	NavPers 16161
3.	Submarine Electrical Installations	NavPers 16162
4.	Submarine Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Systems	NavPers 16163
5.	Submarine Distilling Systems	Navpers 16163A
6.	Submarine Air Systems	NavPers 16164
7.	Submarine Periscope Manual	NavPers 16165
8.	Submarine Trim and Drain Systems	NavPers 16166
9.	Submarine Sonar Operator's Manual	NavPers 16167
10.	Submarine Underwater Log Systems	NavPers 16168
11.	Submarine Hydraulic Systems	NavPers 16169
12.	Torpedo Tubes, 21-Inch submerged, Mks 32 to 39	O.P. 1085

PREFACE

The Submarine School, Submarine Base, New London, Connecticut, and other activities of Submarines, Atlantic Fleet have collaborated in the preparation of this manual.

All submarine machinery is operated directly by electricity generated initially from energy supplied by the ship's diesel engines, or indirectly through the transmission media of high-pressure air or hydraulic systems. A thorough knowledge of the theory, operation, and maintenance of the electrical machinery is a requisite to successful operation of the submarine and the fulfillment of her mission in life-the destruction of the enemy's ships wherever and under whatever conditions they may be encountered. The accomplishment of this mission necessitates that operating personnel be trained to maintain the machinery in reliable operating condition as well as to operate it correctly.

The purpose of this manual is to acquaint the student with the theory, operation, and construction of the components of the electrical installations. Special emphasis is Oven to the more important maintenance features and methods.

A thorough knowledge of the ship and its machinery may, in an emergency, be the means of keeping it and its crew in battle condition.

The manual is intended as a primary instruction manual, ashore and afloat, for officer and enlisted personnel having duties in connection with submarine electrical installations. For details of construction and maintenance, the manufacturer's instruction books and Navy Department manuals should be consulted.


iii
CONTENTS PART 1 FLEET TYPE SUBMARINE MAIN AND AUXILIARY POWER

CHAPTER 1.	REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES
	A. Magnetism	1
	B. Electric Circuits	2
	C. Electromagnetism	4
	D. Electromagnetic Induction	6
	E. Direct-current Generators	8
	F. Direct-current Motors	13
CHAPTER 2.	MAIN GENERATORS AND MOTORS AND AUXILIARY GENERATOR
	A. Propulsion	16
	B. Main and Auxiliary Generators	16
	C. Main Motors	29
	D. Cables	37
CHAPTER 3.	MAIN CONTROL EQUIPMENT
	A. Description	39
	B. Operation	56
	C. Maintenance	67
CHAPTER 4.	AUXILIARY POWER CIRCUITS, MOTORS, AND CONTROLS
	A. General	73
	B. Auxiliary Motors	75
	C. Motor Generator	77
	D. Control Equipment	77
	E. Magnetic Brakes	80
CHAPTER 5.	MAIN STORAGE BATTERIES
	A. Description	82
CHAPTER 6.	MISCELLANEOUS AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
	A. Circuit Breakers	89
	B. Fuses and Fused Switches	91
	C. Lighting System	91
	D. Lighting Feeder Voltage Regulators	92
	E. Heating	95
CHAPTER 7.	MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE
	A. Main Motors and Generators.	97
	B. Cables	110
	C. Auxiliary Motors and Motor Generator Sets	113
	D. Auxiliary Control Equipment	116
	E. Panels and Switchboards	116
	F. Heating Units	117

iv
CONTENTS PART 2 INTERIOR COMMUNICATION, FIRE CONTROL. GYROCOMPASS, AND UNDERWATER LOG SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 8.	CIRCUITS AND SWITCHBOARDS
	A. Circuits	119
	B. Interior Communication and Action Cutout Switchboards	120
CHAPTER 9.	AUTOMATIC A.C. FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE CONTROL
	A. Motor Generator Speed Regulators	124
	B. Rotary Solenoid Type Automatic A.C. Voltage Regulator	126
	C. Reactor Type Automatic Voltage Regulator	128
CHAPTER 10.	SELF-SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMITTERS AND INDICATORS
	A. Description	131
	B. Operation	134
CHAPTER 11.	SELSYN-OPERATED SYSTEMS
	A. Motor Order Telegraph System	138
	B. Rudder Angle Indicator System	145
	C. Bow and Stern Plane Angle Indicating Systems	148
	D. Engine Governor Control System	155
CHAPTER 12.	LOG AND SHAFT REVOLUTION SYSTEMS
	A. Rotary Converter and Constant Frequency Control Unit	160
	B. Underwater Log System	163
	C. Propeller Shaft Revolution Indicator and Counter System	172
CHAPTER 13.	MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
	A. Engine Order Indicator System	180
	B. Lubricating Oil and Engine Circulating Water Alarm System	180
	C. Hull Opening and Main Ballast Tank Indicator Systems	185
	D. Resistance Thermometer and Pyrometer Systems	189
	E. Hydrogen Detector System	195
CHAPTER 14.	FIRE CONTROL AND GUNNERY SYSTEMS
	A. Torpedo Fire Control System	200
	B. Torpedo Ready Light, Torpedo Firing, and Battle Order Systems	200
	C. Target Designation System	203
	D. Torpedo Battery Charging and Hydrogen Burning Systems	206
CHAPTER 15.	UNDERWATER SOUND SYSTEM
	A. Circuit and Components	209

v
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 16.	COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS
	A. Description	211
	B. General Announcing System	211
	C. Submarine Control Announcing System	213
	D. General Alarm System	213
	E. Collision Alarm System	213
	F. Diving Alarm System	214
	G. Communication and Alarm System Maintenance	214
	H. Sound-powered Telephone System and Telephone Call Circuits	215
	I. Telephone Call Circuit	221
CHAPTER 17.	GYROCOMPASS, AUXILIARY GYROCOMPASS, AND DEAD RECKONING ANALYZING INDICATOR AND TRACER SYSTEMS
	A. Theory of the Gyrocompass	222
	B. Fundamental Characteristics of the Gyrocompass	227
	C. Constant Motion Errors	229
	D. Units of the Compass Equipment	232
	E. The Master Compass	235
	F. Motor Generator	243
	G. Control Panel	243
	H. Operation	245
	I. Care and Maintenance	246
	J. Auxiliary Gyrocompass	248
	K. Dead Reckoning Analyzing Indicator and Tracer Systems	250
CHAPTER 18.	MEGGERS, AMMETERS, AND VOLTMETERS
	A. Meggers	254
	B. Ammeters and Voltmeters	257
	C. Millivoltmeters	259
CHAPTER 19.	INTERIOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
	A. Precautions, Maintenance of Circuits, Inspections, Trouble Shooting, and Repairs	260
CHAPTER 20.	APPENDIX
	A. Interior Communication Circuits	264
	B. Switch Color Code	265
	C. Types of Navy Shipboard Cables	265
	D. How to Read a Cable Tag on a Submarine	266
	E. American Wire Gage (A.W.G.) Working Table	267
	F. Definitions	267
	G. Conversion Factors	267
	H. Commonly Used Electrical Symbols	268
	I. Safety Precautions	269
	J. First Aid	271

vi

ILLUSTRATIONS
1-1.	Lines of force surrounding a bar magnet	1
1-2.	Lines of force surrounding the end of a bar magnet	1
1-3.	Closed magnetic circuit	2
1-4.	Open magnetic circuit	2
1-5.	Magnetic circuit of a simple dynamo	3
1-6.	Series circuit	4
1-7.	Simple parallel circuit	4
1-8.	Magnetic field around a conductor	5
1-9.	Magnetic field around a single loop of wire	5
1-10.	Magnetic field around a coil of wire	5
1-11.	Magnetic field around an electromagnet	5
1-12.	A conductor cutting lines of force	6
1-13.	The simple alternator in four positions	7
1-14.	Sectional view of a two-segment commutator	7
1-15.	Multipolar field	8
1-16.	Field frame of a generator	8
1-17.	Diagram of shunt generator connections	9
1-18.	Series generator connections	9
1-19.	Compound generator connections	9
1-20.	Generator armature	10
1-21.	Generator brush rigging	11
1-22.	Effect of armature reaction on field of generator	11
1-23.	Effect of commutating field windings	12
1-24.	Construction of compensating windings	12
1-25.	Currents in armature conductors, compensating windings, and commutating pole windings	13
1-26.	Force acting on a conductor carrying current in a magnetic field	14
2-1.	General arrangement of main propulsion equipment, gear drive and direct drive	16
2-2.	Cross-section of G.E. main generator	17
2-3.	Cutaway of Westinghouse main generator	18
2-4.	Cutaway of Elliott main generator cooling unit	18
2-5.	Cutaway of Allis-Chalmers main generator cooling unit	18
2-6.	Commutator end view of G.E. main generator	19
2-7.	Coupling end view of G.E. main generator, section cover removed	19
2-8.	Commutator end view of Elliott main generator	19
2-9.	Commutator end view of Elliott main generator with front end bell removed	19
2-10.	Coupling end view of Allis-Chalmers main generator	20
2-11.	Coupling end view of G.E. main generator armature	20
2-12.	Commutator end of G.E. main generator, with cooler, end bell, and upper half of bearing housing removed	21
2-13.	Main generator brush rigging	21
2-14.	Brush holder and bracket	21
2-15.	Main generator field frame and windings	21

vii
ILLUSTRATIONS
2-16.	Miscellaneous field parts, Allis-Chalmers	22
2-17.	Lower half of main generator bearing installed	23
2-18.	Main generator bearing, coupling end	23
2-19.	Main generator bearing, commutator end	23
2-20.	Bottom view of G.E. main generator cooling unit	24
2-21.	Cutaway of Westinghouse auxiliary generator	24
2-22.	Right front view of G.E. auxiliary generator	25
2-23.	Front view of G.E. auxiliary generator, end shield and cooler cover removed	25
2-24.	Commutator end view of Elliott auxiliary generator	25
2-25.	Elliott auxiliary generator, end bell and cooler-removed	26
2-26.	Commutator end view of Allis-Chalmers auxiliary generator, end cover removed	26
2-27.	Later type Allis-Chalmers auxiliary generator	26
2-28.	Armature for G.E. auxiliary generator	26
2-29.	Allis-Chalmers auxiliary generator brush rigging	27
2-30.	Miscellaneous field parts, Allis-Chalmers auxiliary generator	27
2-31.	Cross-section of G.E. main motor	28
2-32.	Cutaway of Elliott main motor cooler section	29
2-33.	Cutaway of Allis-Chalmers main motor cooler section	29
2-34.	Commutator end view of G.E. main motor	29
2-35.	Coupling end view of G.E. main motor, flat cover plate and air duct cover removed	30
2-36.	Commutator end view of Elliott main motor	30
2-37.	Elliott main motor with end bells removed	30
2-38.	Coupling end view of G.E. main motor armature	31
2-39.	Main motor brush rigging	31
2-40.	Main motor field frame and windings	31
2-41.	Main coil on pole piece with compensating field bars	31
2-42.	Commutating field coil on pole piece with compensating field bars	31
2-43.	Cross-section of Elliott double armature propulsion motor	33
2-44.	Cutaway of Westinghouse double armature propulsion motor	33
2-45.	Double armature propulsion motor	34
2-46.	Double armature propulsion motor with enclosures removed.	35
2-47.	Propulsion motor double armature, coupling end	35
2-48.	Propulsion motor double armature, thrust bearing end	36
2-49.	Double armature propulsion motor field frame and windings	36
2-50.	Type SHFL single conductor heat and flame resistant leaded cable	37
2-51.	Type DCP double conductor portable cable.	37
2-52.	Type MHFA multiple conductor heat and flame resistant armored cable	38
3-1.	Front view of main control, installed	39
3-2.	G.E. main control cubicle	40
3-3.	Cutler-Hammer main control cubicle	41
3-4.	Westinghouse main control cubicle	42
3-5.	Split type main propulsion control cubicle	43
3-6.	Schematic wiring diagram of main propulsion control	44
3-7.	Excitation circuits	45

viii
ILLUSTRATIONS
3-8.	Protective circuits	46
3-9.	After-side view of G.E. after contactor group	47
3-10.	Rear view of G.E. control equipment	48
3-11.	Operating levers	49
3-12.	Diagram of interlocking arrangement	51
3-13.	Main generator reverse current relay, closed	52
3-14.	Schematic diagram of main generator reverse current relay	52
3-15.	G.E. "Thyrite" field discharge resistor	52
3-16.	Field rheostat, G.E. commutator type	53
3-17.	G.E. field rheostat clutch mechanism	53
3-18.	G.E. main motor starting resistors	54
3-19.	G.E. main motor starting contactors, arc chutes removed	55
3-20.	Position of operating levers for one-generator operation.	59
3-21.	Position of operating levers for two-generator operation	60
3-22.	Position of operating levers for three-generator operation	61
3-23.	Position of operating levers for four-generator operation	62
3-24.	Position of operating levers when charging batteries with one generator with other generators supplying propulsion power	63
3-25.	Position of operating levers for battery operation at 1/3 and 2/3 speed	64
3-26.	Position of operating levers for battery operation at standard and full speed.	65
3-27.	Position of operating levers for battery operation at slow speed	66
3-28.	Checking contacts with carbon paper	68
3-29.	Carbon impressions of contact surfaces	68
3-30.	Operating mechanism of G.E. motor, generator, and battery contactors, closed position	69
3-3l.	Operating mechanism of G.E. motor, generator, and battery contactors, open position	69
3-32.	Ground detector wiring diagram	70
4-1.	Diagram of auxiliary power circuits	72
4-2.	Forward auxiliary power switchboard	73
4-3.	After auxiliary power switchboard	74
4-4.	D.C. motor for antenna and periscope hoist, equipped with magnetic disk brake	75
4-5.	D.C. motor for air-conditioning compressor	75
4-6.	D.C. motor for high-pressure air compressor	75
4-7.	D.C. motor for hull ventilation supply fan	75
4-8.	D.C. motor for battery ventilation fan	76
4-9.	D.C. motor for drain pump	76
4-10.	D.C. motor for trim pump	76
4-11.	Motor generator set	77
4-12.	Magnetic contactor starting panel	78
4-13.	Simplified schematic diagram of automatic motor starter	79
4-14.	Magnetic disk brake	81
5-1.	Cutaway of Exide storage battery cell	82
5-2.	Cutaway of Gould storage battery cell	82
5-3.	Battery cell jar	83
5-4.	Battery installation	84

ix
ILLUSTRATIONS
5-5.	Battery disconnect and supply switches in battery well	85
5-6.	Battery ventilation ducts and cell connectors	85
5-7.	Cutaway of battery cell top.	86
5-8.	Battery ventilation air flow indicator, Hays type	87
5-9.	Battery ventilation motor controllers, ventilation flow meters, and remote hydrogen detector indicators	87
5-10.	Individual cell voltmeter panel	88
6-1.	Type ACB circuit breaker	90
6-2.	Type AQB circuit breaker, cover removed	90
6-3.	Lighting circuit layout dimmer control on 313 class submarine	90
6-4.	Emergency lighting circuit layout on 313 class submarine	90
6-5.	Schematic diagram of lighting feeder voltage regulator	93
6-6.	Lighting feeder voltage regulators and lighting distribution switchboard	94
6-7.	Lighting feeder voltage regulator, top removed	94
6-8.	Top view of lighting feeder voltage regulator	94
7-1.	Leakage paths in cable construction	98
7-2.	Megger test record card	99
7-3.	Minimum insulation resistance of dry direct current propulsion motors and generators based on readings at 25 degrees C, or 77 degrees F	101
7-4.	Effect of temperature on insulation resistance of insulated windings	102
7-5.	Brush removal	105
7-6.	Method of measuring brush spring pressure	106
7-7.	Factory marks on armature slots and commutator bars	107
7-8.	Wrench and pinion gear installed for rotating G.E. main motor brush rigging	107
7-9.	Wrench and pinion gear installed for rotating G.E. main generator brush rigging	107
7-10.	Insulation resistance vs. sheath temperature (SHFA, SHFL, sizes 650 and 800)	112
8-1.	Simplified diagram of I.C. power supply	121
8-2.	I.C., gyro, action cutout, and I.C. motor generator switchboards, latest type	122
8-3.	Action cutout and I.C. switchboards, latest type	123
9-1.	Speed regulator for lighting motor generator sets and interior communication a.c. motor generator sets	125
9-2.	Schematic diagram of I.C. motor generator voltage regulator, rotary solenoid type	127
9-3.	Schematic diagram of I.C. motor generator voltage regulator, reactor type.	129
9-4.	Equivalent schematic diagram of I.C. motor generator voltage regulator, reactor type	130
10-1.	Sectional view of type "A" transmitter	132
10-2.	Sectional view of type "M" indicator	133
10-3.	Mechanical analogy of selsyn transmitter and indicator	134
10-4.	Elementary wiring diagram of selsyn transmitter and indicators	135
10-5.	Elementary wiring diagram showing connections between selsyn transmitter and indicator	136
10-6.	Selsyn connections for electrical zero	137
11-1.	Schematic diagram of motor order telegraph system	139
11-2.	Schematic diagram of motor order telegraph, two units	140
11-3.	Motor order telegraph transmitter indicator unit, maneuvering room	140
11-4.	Side view of motor order telegraph transmitter indicator unit, maneuvering room	140

x
ILLUSTRATIONS
11-5	Elementary wiring diagram of motor order telegraph transmitter indicator, conning tower and control room units	141
11-6.	Elementary wiring diagram of motor order telegraph transmitter indicator, maneuvering room unit	142
11-7.	Schematic diagram of motor order telegraph transmitter and indicator	143
11-8.	Schematic diagram of rudder angle indicator system	144
11-9.	Rudder angle indicator and case	145
11-10.	Rudder angle transmitter	145
11-11.	Rear view of rudder angle transmitter	145
11-12.	Cross-sectional view of rudder angle transmitter	146
11-13.	Wiring diagram of rudder angle indicator	147
11-14.	Rudder angle indicator, showing pressure-proof construction for bridge installation,	148
11-15.	Schematic diagram of bow and stern plane angle indicating systems	149
11-16.	Wiring diagram of bow and stern plane angle indicating systems	150
11-17.	Bow and stern plane angle indicators installed at diving station	151
11-18.	Schematic diagram of auxiliary bow and stern plane angle indicating systems	152
11-19.	Auxiliary bow plane angle indicator at diving station	153
11-20.	Schematic diagram of bow plane rigging indicator circuit	154
11-21.	Bow plane rigging indicator, bow plane rigging and windlass clutch indicator, bow and stern plane motor ON lights and controllers at diving station.	155
11-22.	Schematic diagram of engine governor control system.	156
11-23.	Elementary wiring diagram of d.c. governor control, Allis-Chalmers pointer transmitter	157
11-24.	Engine governor control panel on main control cubicle	158
11-25.	Engine governor control unit at engine	158
11-26.	Fairbanks-Morse tachometer installation	159
11-27.	Electric Tachometer, engine unit and indicator	159
11-28.	Weston electric tachometer magneto, engine unit	159
12-1.	Schematic diagram of constant frequency control unit	161
12-2.	Frequency control unit, Pitometer Log Corporation type	162
12-3.	Schematic diagram of underwater log system.	164
12-4.	Elementary diagram showing fundamental principle of operation of underwater log system	165
12-5.	Schematic diagram of rotary balance type underwater log system	166
12-6.	Arrangement of units of rotary balance type underwater log system	167
12-7.	Pitometer log mercury manometer type units	168
12-8.	Schematic arrangement of Bendix bellows type log	170
12-9.	Schematic diagram of Bendix underwater log master transmitter indicator	171
12-10.	Schematic diagram of propeller shaft revolution indicator and counter system	173
12-11.	Pitometer log type of shaft revolution transmitter	174
12-12.	Schematic arrangement of Electric Tachometer Corporation type indicator and counter system	175
12-13.	Top view of propeller shaft revolution transmitter, Electric Tachometer Corporation type with cover removed	175
12-14.	Schematic arrangement of shaft revolution transmitter	176
12-15.	Schematic arrangement of Pitometer log type propeller shaft revolution indicator and counter system	177

xi
ILLUSTRATIONS
12-16.	Details and wiring diagram of Pitometer log type master indicator	178
12-17.	Shaft revolution indicator, Electric Tachometer Corporation type, with face removed	178
12-18.	Shaft revolution indicator, magneto type, maneuvering room indicator	179
12-19.	Shaft revolution indicator, magneto type, shaft transmitter, with cover removed	179
13-1.	Schematic diagram of engine order indicator system	181
13-2.	Engine order telegraph, maneuvering room transmitter	182
13-3.	Engine order indicator installed on engine gage board	182
13-4.	Schematic diagram of lubricating oil (low pressure) and engine circulating water (high temperature) alarm system	183
13-5.	Elementary wiring diagram of engine lubricating oil (low pressure) and circulating water (high temperature) alarm system for one engine	184
13-6.	Lubricating oil (low pressure) and engine circulating water (high temperature) alarm panel	184
13-7.	Schematic diagram of hull opening indicator system	186
13-8.	On board view of hull opening and main ballast tank indicators	187
13-9.	Simplified wiring diagram for one unit of hull opening and main ballast tank opening indicator systems	187
13-10.	Schematic diagram of main ballast tank indicator system	188
13-11.	Main ballast tank indicator with cover open	189
13-12.	Schematic diagram of distant reading thermometer system	190
13-13.	Schematic diagram of Brown distant reading thermometer system for main motors and reduction gears	191
13-14.	Brown distant reading resistance thermometer indicator and switch panel	192
13-15.	Weston resistance thermometer bulbs	192
13-16.	Brown resistance thermometer bulb.	192
13-17.	Electrical resistance thermometers	193
13-18.	Duplex constant reading resistance thermometer gage	194
13-19.	Brown pyrometer indicator and rotary switch for main engine exhaust temperatures	194
13-20.	Pyrometer unit as installed in engine	194
13-21.	Schematic diagram of hydrogen detector system	196
13-22.	Schematic diagram of Cities Service type hydrogen detector	197
13-23.	Arrangement of units in Cities Service type hydrogen detector	198
13-24.	Cities Service type hydrogen detector system, master indicator and remote indicator	198
13-25.	M.S.A. type hydrogen detector remote indicator	199
13-26.	M.S.A. type hydrogen detector with door open	199
13-27.	M.S.A. type hydrogen detector	199
14-1.	Diagram of fleet type submarine ready light and firing circuits, for torpedo tube No. 7 only	200
14-2.	Conning tower torpedo firing panel	201
14-3.	Torpedo room ready light and ready switch panel	201
14-4.	Torpedo tube interlock switch and pilot valve solenoid	201
14-5.	Spindle switch on torpedo tube gyro setting mechanism	202
14-6.	Gyro angle regulating indicator with right handgrip turned to show trigger switch	202
14-7.	Schematic diagram of target designation system	204
14-8.	Target bearing transmitter, Mark 8	205

xii
ILLUSTRATIONS
14-9.	Target bearing indicator, type installed at TDC	205
14-10.	Target bearing indicator, type installed at plotting stations	205
14-11.	Target bearing indicator, type installed at radar	205
14-12.	Bearing indicator and bearing indicator selector switches installed at TDC	206
14-13.	True bearing and range indicator at plotting stations, newest installations	206
14-14.	Schematic diagram of torpedo battery charging controller	207
14-15.	Schematic diagram of hydrogen burning circuit	208
14-16.	Electric torpedo battery charging panel	208
14-17.	Electric torpedo hydrogen burning circuit controller	208
15-1.	Schematic diagram of underwater sound system	210
16-1.	General layout diagram of general announcing and submarine control announcing systems	210
16-2.	General announcing bridge units, switch box, and bridge reproducer and microphone	211
16-3.	General announcing reproducer, class H	212
16-4.	General announcing system showing reproducer talk-back switch, reproducer, and transmitter control station	212
16-5.	Motor-operated horn, type H-9	214
16-6.	Schematic diagram of sound-powered telephone system	216
16-7.	Sound-powered telephone diaphragm and armature	217
16-8.	Sectional view and wiring diagram of sound-powered telephone handset	217
16-9.	Headset sound-powered telephone	218
16-10.	Headset wiring diagram	219
16-11.	Sectional view of receiver unit	219
16-12.	Ship's service handset telephone	219
16-13.	Schematic diagram of telephone call circuit	220
16-14.	Telephone call bell station	221
17-1.	A free gyro	222
17-2.	Gyro spinning at equator with its axis horizontal	223
17-3.	Gyro spinning at pole with its axis horizontal	224
17-4.	Gyro spinning at intermediate positions	225
17-5.	Gyro wheel with its rotating axis set in north-south position and level away from the equator moves about its horizontal and vertical axes	225
17-6.	Resting position of a gyro spinning at equator	225
17-7.	Resting position of a gyro spinning at high latitudes	225
17-8.	Effects of applied force on vertical axis with gyro wheel spinning in upward direction	226
17-9.	Effects of applied force on vertical axis with gyro wheel spinning in downward direction	226
17-10.	Continuous precession	226
17-11.	Simple pendulous type gyro	227
17-12.	Effect of gravity and resultant precessional motion	228
17-13.	Oil ballistic arrangement for damping oscillation	228
17-14.	Effect of undamped oscillation	229
17-15.	Effect of damped oscillation	230
17-16.	Gyro axis parallel to the north-south axis	231
17-17.	Gyro axis parallel to the meridian	231
17-18.	Speed course latitude errors.	231

xiii
ILLUSTRATIONS
17-19.	Ballistic deflection error, ship on northerly course	231
17-20.	Arma master compass installed, binnacle cover removed	232
17-21.	Arma master compass control, repeater, and follow-up panels	233
17-22.	Single dial repeater with dimmer	234
17-23.	Conning tower double dial steering unit with dimmer switch	234
17-24.	Gimbal-mounted double-dial bridge pelorus, pressure-proof type	234
17-25.	Master compass with cover removed showing position for 15 degree pitch and 35 degree roll	235
17-26.	Diagrammatic drawing of master compass	236
17-27.	Arma master compass, cover and spider removed to show sensitive element.	237
17-28.	Bottom view of spider, sensitive element	238
17-29.	Gyro unit, disassembled	239
17-30.	Oil damping system	240
17-31.	Flotation and contact assembly	241
17-32.	Automatic speed correction and driving mechanism	242
17-33.	Spider assembly	243
17-34.	Schematic diagram of gyrocompass system	244
17-35.	Schematic diagram of auxiliary gyrocompass system	247
17-36.	Arma auxiliary gyrocompass Mark 9, cover removed	248
17-37.	Arma auxiliary gyrocompass Mark 9, sensitive element	248
17-38.	Arma auxiliary gyrocompass Mark 9, lower housing, gimbals, and mercury flotation tank	249
17-39.	Arma auxiliary gyrocompass Mark 9 motor, generator set with end covers removed	249
17-40.	Arma auxiliary gyrocompass Mark 9 control panel	250
17-41.	Dead reckoning analyzer indicator gear diagram	252
17-42.	Dead reckoning analyzer indicator	253
17-43.	Dead reckoning analyzer indicator with cover open	253
17-44.	Dead reckoning tracer with cover raised	253
18-1.	Megger magnetic circuit and electrical connections	255
18-2.	Megger moving element	256
18-3.	Operating principle of direct current instruments	257

xiv

PART I

FLEET TYPE SUBMARINE
MAIN AND AUXILIARY POWER

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Electrical power helped do this.

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Submarine Electrical Installations