Routine tests are made on all engineering installations to insure against failure of the equipment. Standard instructions are always issued for each type of equipment and those concerned are responsible for seeing that tests are made when and as prescribed.

Accurate records of all inspections and tests must be kept. Accurate records of all failures and repairs must also be kept, including general remarks that will be helpful to anyone else who must work on the equipment later. There are logs, card indexes, and other records prescribed to cover these points.

Routine tests and inspections are made daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, and annually. In general, these inspections and tests are made:

Daily.-To test for proper operation and signs of future trouble. An experienced man can frequently anticipate failures by the slight changes noted during the daily tests of equipment. Daily checks are also of help in preventing the deterioration of idle equipment from lack of use.

Weekly.-To test more thoroughly for proper operation than is possible each day. On weekly tests, lubrication, motor speeds, cleanliness, and safety devices receive special attention.

Monthly.-To check the more inaccessible features. In some equipment, tubes are replaced monthly. Antennas are checked.

Quarterly.-To insure proper maintenance of major items such as tubes, armatures, antennas. Receiver sensitivity is measured so that the need for repair or realignment may be accurately determined.

Semi-Annually and Annually.-To determine the need for major repairs. The most inaccessible parts are checked and are given minor routine overhauls.

When inspecting and testing, the things to be checked on the various items of equipment are as follows:

RECEIVERS

Cleanliness Mechanical Condition   Connections, switches, etc.

Operation, on each band   Sensitivity   Selectivity   Noise level

TRANSMITTERS

Cleanliness	Operation
Mechanical Condition	Frequency Stability
Connections, switches, etc.	Keying
Oscillation	Normalcy of meter readings
On all bands or crystals	Output to antenna

MOTOR GENERATORS

Cleanliness	Operation
Lubrication	Voltage output
Mechanical condition	Sparking
Vibration and noise	Overheating

DIRECTION FINDERS

Cleanliness	Operation
Mechanical Condition	Sensitivity
Including loop operation	Selectivity
Deviation changes, sense features	Noise level
	Balance

UNDERWATER SOUND

RECEIVER

Same as receivers	Tuning
	To resonate with projector

RANGE INDICATOR

Cleanliness	Safety Interlocks
Speed	Mechanical condition

HOIST-TRAIN SYSTEM (including remote control)

Hoist-lower	Limit switches
Training

DRIVER

Same as transmitters	Tuning
Keying relay	To resonate with projector
Connect-disconnect relay

ANTENNAS

Cleanliness	Mechanical condition
Resistance to ground	Insulators
Leakage, or concentric transmission lines	Wires, splices, shackles, etc.
	Lead-ins

Make all routine tests and inspections called for by the instructions. Keep accurately all required records.

SPARE PARTS

Exact duplicate replacement spare parts and spare vacuum tubes are always furnished, so that anything that is likely to fail or wear out may be replaced quickly when this becomes necessary. Accurate records must be kept of the parts on hand and the place in which parts are stored.

Whenever a part or a tube is used, a replacement for it should always be ordered immediately.

4.2 Frequency Measurements and Calibration

Transmitters and receivers must be set on the assigned frequency accurately if continuous and reliable communications are to be maintained.

The frequency tolerances, that is, the amount of deviation from assigned frequencies that will be allowed, are prescribed by international treaty. As far as ships are concerned, these tolerances are:

Frequency Band:	Percent assigned freq. allowable error
10-550 kcs	0.1
550-1500 kcs (broadcast)	20 cycles
1500-4000 kcs	0.05
4-30 mc	0.02

Actually, frequencies can and should be maintained much nearer the assigned values than the figures given above indicate.

The frequency measuring equipment found aboard ship and elsewhere is based on the oscillations of a very accurate quartz crystal, usually operating at 100 kilocycles. Some form of heterodyne frequency meter and associated equipment is used with the crystal calibrator. In older equipment the basic units may be separate. In newer equipment all the parts are mounted in one cabinet.

Space does not permit a detailed description and explanation of the operation of the many equipments in use. The instruction book on each particular installation must be carefully studied before the equipment is used. There are minor differences between models.

In general, all frequency measuring devices used aboard ship are the same, containing a crystal controlled calibrator, a heterodyne frequency meter, a multivibrator, and a combination detector-amplifier. There will be a power supply and other miscellaneous parts, depending on the equipment.

When comparing frequencies, the heterodyne or beat method is used. In this method the standard signal and the one being measured are combined, and one of the two is varied until there is no frequency difference between them. This condition is known as "zero" beat. The term "zero beat" arises from the fact that as the frequencies are

The crystal oscillator is an accurately ground quartz bar having a natural frequency of vibration of 100 kcs. It also produces a wide range of harmonics of 100 kcs. It thus provides signals at fixed points in the frequency spectrum for calibration or measurement.

The heterodyne frequency meter is a variable oscillator to produce many frequencies. It is quite stable but must be calibrated with the more stable crystal and checked with it frequently.

The multivibrator produces signals that are very rich in harmonics. When controlled by the crystal, it furnishes many frequencies for calibration or checking. It further serves to split up the crystal frequencies, thus providing accurate signals every 10 or 20 kcs. to fill in between the points provided by the crystal.

Ordinarily, two methods may be used in comparing signals. The frequency meter output may be led into a receiver for combination with the signal being measured, or for calibration purposes.

The signal being measured may also be led into the amplifier-detector combination of the frequency meter and the comparison made in the meter.

The frequency meter instruction book should be studied most carefully. It is especially important to know how to interpolate accurately, that is, to find from the meter calibration curves or tables, the frequencies corresponding to settings between the basic settings of the meter.

Hasty, careless, or improper interpolation in using a frequency meter can nullify all the care taken to produce an accurate instrument. Poor interpolation may result in transmitters being set off frequency or receivers calibrated so inaccurately that they cannot be set on frequency from the calibration data.

CALIBRATION

Transmitters and receivers are calibrated so that they may be set on desired frequencies without the necessity of checking the settings with measuring equipment each time.

In calibrating, the settings of the controls of the equipment necessary to tune it accurately are recorded. If the necessary precautions are observed, the equipment may be tuned to the frequency by resetting the controls to the values obtained earlier.

Calibration may be general or specific. In general calibration, the settings for several frequencies spread over the range of the equipment are obtained. Curves are then plotted to include the several points obtained. By referring to the curves, settings may be read off for any frequency within the range.

It is desirable to have complete calibration curves on each piece of equipment as well as specific settings for the frequencies usually used.

In frequency measurements and comparisons, exactness and accuracy are relative. Even with the most elaborate, practical precautions, it is seldom possible to set and maintain a frequency measuring apparatus exactly accurate. To make sure that frequency meters are accurate, they must be compared frequently with a standard.

The standard frequencies, very accurately maintained, are transmitted regularly by WWV, the Bureau of Standards Station at Washington, D. C. The schedule of WWV transmissions is published from time to time. It may also be obtained from any Federal Communication Commission, Radio Inspectors Office.

If it seems desirable to have some particular frequency checked, arrangements may usually be made to have a check made by a nearby shore station. In some ports such as Baltimore, Md., and San Pedro, Calif., Federal Communications Commission monitoring stations may also be asked to check a frequency.

MISCELLANEOUS

It is impossible to build equipment that will not change frequency slightly, or "drift", as it warms up, although some modern equipment is remarkably stable in operation.

Consequently, when calibrating, care must be taken to let receivers warm up for at least an hour and preferably two hours before making measurements.

In transmitters there is frequently some provision for heating the critical oscillator circuits continuously so as to maintain frequency stability. These heating arrangements must be kept working as designed at all times if the exact frequencies desired are to be obtained.

It is possible for an extremely strong signal to drag or lock a weaker oscillator into step with it. Although this will seldom happen with the equipment supplied, it should not be overlooked.

Most frequency measurements are made by heterodyning two signals to zero beat, which means that just before the zero beat or dead point is reached, the beats are very low frequencies.

The human ear is not a particularly good indicator of very low frequencies. Consequently, care must be taken to be sure that actual zero beat has been reached, and not a point on one side of it.

In checking frequencies and in calibration, as in so many other things, the basic principles must be understood, the instructions furnished must be studied, and thought must be given to each problem. The blind following of a set of rules will not inevitably produce the desired results.

4.3 Radio Direction Finders

Radio direction finder equipment differs from other equipment in that the antenna, or loop, is a critical element. This means that in addition to problems connected with the radio receiver and electrical equipment, there are also loop problems.

It is impracticable to go into the theory and detailed operation of direction finders here. It may be helpful, however, to discuss a few of the major points involved and some of the troubles that arise. In the following discussion, radio direction finder will be abbreviated DF.

The three factors affecting DF operation aboard ship are:

1. Excessive deviation, particularly as the frequency is increased, with the ultimate absence of any "minimum" or with all bearings reading approximately fore-and-aft.

2. Inability to obtain proper "balancer" action, especially at higher frequencies, with the resultant lack of a well defined minimum.

3. Difficulty in keeping the deviation constant, i. e., deviation changes between calibrations.

Deviation is defined as the difference between the observed radio bearing and the corrected radio bearing. There are several possible causes of deviation, the most important being voltages induced in the DF by near-by metallic objects, such as loops that have current flowing in them.

Ordinarily, deviation is quadrantal, that is, at 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees relative to the ship's head, there will be points of zero deviation. The zero points will be exactly on these bearings and the deviation curve will be symmetrical only if the DF is so located that the ship is symmetrical around it. Ideally, this would require the DF to be amidships on the center line.

The wave on which a bearing is to be obtained strikes the ship, as well as the DF loop. The wave, in striking the ship, induces currents in the ship's structure that produce flux influencing the voltages generated in the DF loop.

Balancing, as described above, will never result in an absolute minimum because of the phase relations between the wanted and unwanted voltages in the loop;

A nondirectional vertical antenna is used to put a balancing voltage of proper phase into the DF so that a good minimum can be obtained. The amount and phase of the voltage required is adjusted by means of a "balancer" device in the DF receiver.

When the balancer settings are plotted they will usually be found to be semi-circular, instead of quadrantal like the deviation curves.

The vertical antenna also serves as a source of voltage to change the DF characteristics so that "sense" or unilateral bearings can be taken.

In considering breaking up existing closed loops in the ship's structure, it is well to remember that fore-and-aft loops may be helpful, while closed loops athwartships are most harmful.

Closed loops formed by stays, etc., not more than two DF loop diameters away from the loop, should be broken up by the insertion of insulating materials.

"Corrector wires" are installed to make complete loops of parts of the ship's structure or rigging. The area inclosed by the entire corrector loop is important; the length of the corrector wire is not.

In surveying an installation, if the maximum deviation at 300 kcs is 6 degrees or less, it is usually inadvisable to use a corrector wire. If the deviation is between 10 and 20 degrees, a corrector loop of 100 square feet should suffice. If deviation is between 20 and 40 degrees, about 150 to 200 square feet of corrector loop will be required.

The area under a corrector wire and in the corrector loop need not be clear of miscellaneous objects.

Ordinarily, the coupling of a corrector loop to the DF is determined by swinging ship and trying the effect of the loop for different corrector wire positions, until deviation is reduced to between 5 and 10 degrees. It is seldom desirable to eliminate deviation. More than one corrector loop may sometimes be required. The plane of the corrector loop must be fore-and-aft.

Corrector loops that are small and tightly coupled to the DF loop are apt to reduce DF sensitivity.

Perfect, low-resistance connections must be made and maintained at both ends of each corrector wire. Also, the wire must not be allowed to sag, sway, or move or the calibration and deviation will vary erratically.

DIRECTION FINDER TROUBLES

It is most important to examine the ship structures, and rigging carefully before attempting to calibrate a DF, to make certain that all objects, especially those near the DF, are secured in place.

When DF bearings become erratic, the first thing to look for is a change that has been made in the structure, rigging, or stowage of material near the loop. A new receiving antenna, for example, incautiously erected less than about 100 feet from the loop, will upset the calibration markedly.

Ideally, all antennas should be open when the DF is being calibrated and whenever it is used, but practically this is not feasible. Receiving antennas and high frequency antennas are normally closed during calibration and low frequency antennas are opened. The conditions during calibration must be duplicated whenever the DF is used.

There are at least two sources of DF bearing error, or difficulty in taking bearings, that are beyond control. These are known as "night effect" and "coastal effect".

Theoretically, and actually during daylight, it is ordinarily true that bearings are taken on a "ground" wave. At night, when refraction or reflection from the ionosphere increases, the resulting "sky" wave may combine with the "ground" wave to produce erratic or erroneous bearings, cause fading signals, etc. This resultant effect is generally known as "night effect". It is most disturbing during the periods from about 1 hour before to 1 hour after sunrise and sunset.

Night effect is not inevitable every day and on every frequency. It must not be confused with operator errors or carelessness, or upkeep and maintenance failures.

If the ground wave being used has to travel overland for some distance before it passes over water, there may be a bending of the wave at the land-water boundary. The effect is especially noticeable when the angle between the wave and the coast line is small. The error in bearing resulting from this bending action is known as "coastal effect".

DF receivers are subject to all the troubles of any receiver. In addition, they are also subject to difficulties arising from poor or loose connections around the loop input and balancer circuits.

The table given below gives a few of the troubles peculiar to DF equipment.

Symptom	Procedure or cause
Erratic bearings	1. Operator's mistake. 2. Crane, boom, davit, or railing moved. 3. DF loop or scale loose and shifting. 4. Night effect.

Direction finders frequently do not operate well aboard ship and, unfortunately, each ship presents a separate problem. All information that can be obtained on direction finders and direction finder problems should be carefully studied whenever the opportunity arises.

Even today, the solutions to all direction finder problems are not known.

4.41 Conversion Table

Multiply	By	To get
Amperes	1,000,000,000,000	Micromicroamperes.
Amperes	1,000,000	Microamperes.
Amperes	1,000	Milliamperes.
Cycles	0.000,001	Megacycles.
Cycles	0.001	Kilocycles.
Farads	1,000,000,000,000	Micromicrofarads.
Farads	1,000,000	Microfarads.
Farads	1,000	Millifarads.
Henrys	1,000,000	Microhenrys.
Henrys	1,000	Millihenrys.
Kilocycles	1,000	Cycles.
Kilovolts	1,000	Volts.
Kilowatts	1,000	Watts.
Megacycles	1,000,000	Cycles.
Mhos	1,000,000	Micromhos.
Mhos	1,000	Millimhos.
Microamperes	0.000,001	Amperes.
Microfarads	0.000,001	Farads.
Microhenrys	0.000,001	Henrys.
Micromhos	0.000,001	Mhos.
Micro-ohms	0.000,001	Ohms.
Microvolts	0.000,001	Volts.
Microwatts	0.000,001	Watts.
Micromicrofarads	0.000,000,000,001	Farads.
Micromicro-ohms	0.000,000,000,001	Ohms.
Milliamperes	0.001	Amperes.
Millihenrys	0.001	Henrys.
Millimhos	0.001	Mhos.
Milliohms	0.001	Ohms.
Millivolts	0.001	Volts.
Milliwatts	0.001	Watts.
Ohms	1,000,000,000,000	Micromicro-ohms.
Ohms	1,000,000	Micro-ohms.
Ohms	1,000	Milliohms.
Volts	1,000,000	Microvolts.
Volts	1,000	Millivolts.
Watts	1,000,000	Microwatts.
Watts	1,000	Milliwatts.
Watts	0.001	Kilowatts.

4.42 Decibels

In radio and electrical problems it is frequently necessary to know the circuit gain, loss, or other ratios. For such purposes the most convenient unit to use is the decibel, which is abbreviated db.

Most communication circuits and devices may be considered as electrical networks having two input and two output terminals. The ratio of output power to input power, usually expressed in decibels, is a measure of how the device affects the transmission of energy through itself.

The formula for this ratio in decibels is:

Ndb = 10 log10 P1/P2

P₁ = power output. P₂ = power input.

When we are interested in voltage or current ratios, we can find the number of decibels by the formulas:

Ndb = 20 log10 I1/I2 Ndb = 20 log10 E1/E2

E₁ and I₁ are outputs. E₂ and I₂ are inputs.

The formulas for voltage and current ratio assume that the input and output impedances are equal. If the impedances are not equal, it is more convenient to compute the equivalent power from the voltage or current and the corresponding impedance, and then convert the power ratio obtained into decibels.

If the ratio of output to input power is greater than 1, there is a gain in the device. If the ratio is less than 1, there is a loss. Gains are expressed in plus db and losses in minus db. Since the decibel is a logarithmic unit, the gains and losses in a complicated circuit can be added algebraically to determine the over-all effect of the circuit.

It is useful to remember a few facts about decibels. For example, a change of 3 db just about doubles or halves the power being measured. Also, 0 db means no change, 10 db equals 10 times, 20 db equals 100 times, 30 db equals 1000 times the power, and so on.

It must be remembered that, unless a ratio only is involved, decibels have no real meaning. For example, it is meaningless to say that an output signal is plus 10 decibels, because no standard reference level is specified. With a standard level of 6 mw, the plus 10 db signal becomes intelligible and is equal to 60 mw.

510493-43-12

DECIBELS

Minus (-)		db	Plus (+)
Voltage ratio	Power ratio		Voltage ratio	Power ratio
1.0000	1.0000	0	1.000	1.000
.9441	.8913	.5	1.059	1.122
.8913	.7943	1.0	1.122	1.259
.8414	.7079	1.5	1.189	1.413
.7943	.6310	2.0	1.259	1.585
.7499	.5623	2.5	1.334	1.778
.7079	.5012	3.0	1.413	1.995
.6683	.4467	3.5	1.496	2.239
.6310	.3981	4.0	1.585	2.512
.5957	.3548	4.5	1.679	2.818
.5623	.3162	5.0	1.778	3.162
.5309	.2818	5.5	1.884	3.548
.5012	.2512	6.0	1.995	3.981
.4732	.2239	6.5	2.113	4.467
.4467	.1995	7.0	2.239	5.012
.4217	.1778	7.5	2.371	5.623
.3981	.1585	8.0	2.512	6.310
.3758	.1413	8.5	2.661	7.079
.3548	.1259	9.0	2.818	7.943
.3350	.1122	9.5	2.985	8.913
.3162	.1000	10.0	3.162	10.000
.2985	.08913	10.5	3.350	11.22
.2818	.07943	11.0	3.548	12.59
.2661	.07079	11.5	3.758	14.13
.2512	.06310	12.0	3.981	15.85
.2371	.05623	12.5	4.217	17.78
.2239	.05012	13.0	4.467	19.95
.2113	.04467	13.5	4.732	22.39
.1995	.03981	14.0	5.012	25.12
.1884	.03548	14.5	5.309	28.18
.1778	.03162	15.0	5.623	31.62
.1679	.02818	15.5	5.957	35.48
.1585	.02512	16.0	6.310	39.81
.1496	.02239	16.5	6.683	44.67
.1413	.01995	17.0	7.079	50.12
.1334	.01778	17.5	7.499	56.23
.1259	.01585	18.0	7.943	63.10
.1189	.01413	18.5	8.414	70.79
.1122	.01259	19.0	8.913	79.43
.1059	.01122	19.5	9.441	89.13
.1000	.01000	20.0	10.000	100.00

4.43 Copper Wire Table

A mil is /1000 (one thousandth) of an inch.

Gauge No. B. & S.	Diameter in mils	Circular mil area	Ohms per 1,000 ft. 25° C.	Current capacity at 1500 C. M. per amp.
1	289.3	83690	0.1264	55.7
2	257.6	66370	.1593	44.1
3	229.4	52640	.2009	35.0
4	204.3	41740	.2533	27.7
5	181.9	33100	.3195	22 0
6	162.0	26250	.4028	17.5
7	144.3	20820	.5080	13.8
8	128.5	16510	.6405	11.0
9	114.4	13090	.8077	8.7
10	101.9	10380	1.018	6.9
11	90.74	8234	1.284	5.5
12	80.81	6530	1.619	4.4
13	71.96	5178	2.042	3.5
14	64.08	4107	2.575	2.7
15	57.07	3257	3.247	2.2
16	50.82	2583	4.094	1.7
17	45.26	2048	5.163	1.3
18	40.30	1624	6.510	1.1
19	35.89	1288	8.210	.86
20	31.96	1022	10.35	.68
21	28.46	810.1	13.05	.54
22	25.35	642.4	16.46	.43
23	22.57	509.5	20.76	.34
24	20.10	404.0	26.17	.27
26	15.94	254.1	41.62	.17
28	12.64	159.8	66.17	.11
30	10.03	100.5	105.2	.067

4.44 Fractional-Decimal Equivalents

1/64	0.0165	7/16	0.4375
1/32	.0312	1/2	.500
3/64	.0468	9/16	.5625
1/16	.0625	5/8	.625
3/32	.0936	11/16	.6825
1/8	.125	34	.750
3/16	.1875	13/16	.8125
1/4	.250	7/8	.875
5/16	.3125	15/16	.9375
3/8	.3750

4.45 Drill Sizes

Drill No.	Diameter (in.)	Clears screws	Correct for tapping steel or brass **
1	0.228
2	.221	12-24
3	.213		14-24
4	.209	12-20
5	.205
6	.204
7	.201
8	.199
9	.196
10*	.193	10-32
11	.191	10-24
12*	189
13	.185
14	.182
15	.180
16	.177
17	.173
18*	.169	8-32
19	.166		12-20
20	.161
21*	.159		10-32
22	.157
23	.154
24	.152
25*	.149		10-24
26	.147
27	.144
28*	.140	6-32
29*	.136		8-32
30	.128
31	.120
32	.116
33*	.113	4-36,4-40
34	.111
35*	.110		6-32
36	.106
37	.104
38	.102
39*	.100	3-48
40	.098
41	.096
42*	.093		4-36,4-40
43	.089	2-56
44	.086
45*	.082		3-48

** Use next larger size drill for tapping bakelite and other plastics or composition materials.

* Sizes most commonly used in radio construction.

4.46 RESISTOR WATTAGE CHART

4.47 Formulae

Resistances in series:

Total resistance = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4

Two resistances in parallel:

Total resistance= (R1)(R2) / (R1 + R2)

Equal resistances in parallel:

Total resistance = (R of one resistor) / (number of resistors)

Capacitors in parallel:

Total capacity = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + C5

Capacitors in series:

Two Capacitors in series:

C = (C1)(C2) / (C1+C2)

Inductive reactance:

XL ohms= (2π) (frequency in cycles) (L in henries)

Series impedance (equivalent):

Parallel impedance (equivalent):

Circuit resonant frequency:

Frequency to wave length:

Wave length in meters = 300,000 / freq. in kcs.

Wave length to frequency:

Frequency in kilocycles = 300 / wave length in meters

USEFUL FORMULAE

Ohm's Law: E = volts R = resistance in ohms I = current in amperes I = E/R  R = E/I  E = IR

Power:

P = power in watts P = EI E = P/I I = P/E P = I2R I = sqrt(P/R) R = P/I2 E = sqrt(PR) P = E2/R R = E2/P

4.6 Vacuum Tube Data

TUBE DESIGNATIONS

Originally, vacuum tubes were numbered as they were developed, and many numbered tubes are still in use, such as the 45, 76, 80, etc. Since such designations give no clue as to the type of tube or its characteristics, other methods have been adopted.

For receiving tubes, a fairly standard system is in effect. This system involves a number, one or two letters, a number, and sometimes added letters. The first number gives the filament or heater voltage to the nearest volt. The following letter gives the general class of the tube, with the letters at the beginning of the alphabet used for amplifiers and detectors, and those at the end of the alphabet for rectifiers. After the alphabet was exhausted, double letters came into use, on the same general system. The second number indicates the number of elements in the tube.

Thus a 2A3 is an amplifier with 2.5 volt filament, with three elements, a plate, grid, and filament. A 25Z5 is a rectifier with 25 volt heater and five elements.

The added letters indicate various other features. Thus the 6L6-G is a glass tube of type 6L6 with an octal base.

Older tubes have 4, 5, 6, or 7 base pins or prongs. Most modern tubes have octal bases, that is, eight prongs surrounding a central guide or key. Loktal tubes and new miniature tubes have special bases with the pins sealed into glass.

Transmitting and other power tubes are not as well standardized in designation as receiving tubes. Generally speaking, all transmitting tubes are numbered in the 800 to 900 range. Tubes in the 900 to 1,000 range may be cathode ray, television, or "acorn" types. Tubes in the 1,600 series are specially designed to eliminate microphonic noise.

The general systems described above are now used by almost everyone making or using vacuum tubes.

CROSS INDEX

Old and New Tube Type Numbers

New	Old	Base*	New	Old	Base*
01-A	38001	4D	41	38041	6B
1B4-P	38032A	4M	42	38042	6B
1c6	38236	6L	45	38045	4D
1E7-G	38717E	G-80	47	38047	5B
2A3	38213	4D	50	38050	4D
2A5	38215	6B	53	38053	7B
2B7	38227	7D	56	38056	5A
5Z3	38593	4C	57	38057	6F
6A6	38616	7B	58	38058	6F
6A7	38617	70	59	38059	7T
6B7	38627	7D	71-A	38071	4D
6C6	38636	6F	75	38075	6G
6D6	38646	6F	76	38076	5A
6E5	38655	6R	77	38077	6F
6F7	38667	7E	78	38078	6F
6F8-G	38768F	G-8G	80	38180	4C
6H6	38566H	7Q	81	38181	4B
6J5	38565J	6Q 82	38182	4C
6J5-G	38765J	*G-6Q	83	38183	4C
6K7	38567K	7R	84	38184	7S
6K8	38568K	8K	85	38085	6G
6R7	38567R	717	89	38089	6F
6Y6-G	38766Y	G-7AC	112-A	38012	4D
10	38110	4D	203-A	38103	M
19	38019	6C	204-A	38104	Q
22	38022	4K	206	38106
24-A	38024	5E	207	38107
25Z5	38255	6E	211	38211	M
27	38027	5A	214	38114
30	38030	4D	217-C	38117
31	38031	4D	218	38118
32	38032	4K	219	38119
33	38033	5K	801	38101	C
34	38034	4M	803	38803	L
35	38035	5E	807	38807	H
36	38036	5E	808	38808	E
37	38037	5A	814	38814	J
38	38038	5F	833	38833	T
39	38039	5F	836	38266A	A
40	38040	4D	837	38837	G

*Refers to tube base diagrams on following pages.

Old and New Tube Type Numbers-Continued

New	Old	Base*	New	cad	Base*
838	38138	M	954	38954	A7
842	38842	C	955	38955	B7
843	38143	D	956	38956	A7
845	38145	M	958	38958	C7
846	38146		959	38959	D7
849	38149	Q	1616	38267	B4
850	38150	O	1853	38853	8N
851	38151	Q	38015	38015
852	38152	E	38111A	38111A
857-B	38157B		38112	38112
858	38158		38116	38116
860	38160	U	38120	38120
861	38161	S	38142	38142
862	38162		38205	38205
864	38064	C	38217	38217
865	38165	I	38222	38222
866-A	38166A	A	38233	38233
868	38268		38250	38250
869-A	38169		38278	38278
870	38170		38282	38282
871	38171	A	38401	38401
872-A	38172A	P	38402	38402
874	38274	4S	38403	38403
876	38276		38412	38412
884	38884	6Q	38674	38674
886	38286	X	38674A	38674A
893	38192		38897	38897

MEMORANDUM

The following publications contain additional information of value:

Manual of Engineering Instructions. (New Title: Bureau of Ships Manual)
Chapters on Interior Communications, Motors and Generators, Radio, Sound and Radio Direction Finders:

Radio and Sound Bulletins, Bureau of Ships.
Bureau of Ships (Engineering) Circular Letters.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1943